Painting made in the 19th centuryīefore 1505, Khwarazm was nominally dependent on the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara based in Khorasan. Persian slave in the Khanate of Khiva, 16th century. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the Oxus. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the Khan and were a large part of his army, but often revolted. The swampy area of the lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the Uzbek language, while the original Iranian Khwarezmian language died out. During the mid 1600s many Persian slaves were captured by Turkmens and a few Russian and Turkic slaves. The settled population was composed of aristocrats and peasants bound to the land. It is arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The population consisted of agriculturalists along the river, the Turkic Sarts, and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now Turkmenistan. Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causing the capital to be moved south to Khiva from Konye-Urgench. See Khwarazm, the local name of the region.Īfter the capital was moved to Khiva, Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). This name was also sometimes used in Iran and Bukhara, with the designation "Urganji" often being used as the collective name for its inhabitants. Prior to the 17th/18th centuries, the polity was often called "Urgench" (or "Iurgench" in Russian sources). Locals of the polity did not use this term, and instead referred to it as the vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). The term was first used by the Russians in the second half of the 17th century, or in the 18th century. The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which the polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from a Russian exonym ( Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoe khanstvo). In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan, Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan, and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate. It covered present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at the second half of the 19th century. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, the country was ruled by a Turco-Mongol tribe, the Khongirads, who came from Astrakhan. The Khanate of Khiva ( Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 17.
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